Public policies, complementarity, and social transformation: Social mobility, equity, and a project for the future

Abstract

This essay analyzes the role of complementarity among public policies as a driver of social transformation in contexts marked by deep structural inequalities, such as Brazil. Drawing on a critical and interdisciplinary approach, it argues that isolated or fragmented public policies have limited effects on social mobility and on overcoming inequities. The concept of complementarity is examined across its technical, institutional, and normative dimensions and is understood as a synergistic articulation among different policies and sectors aimed at promoting social justice. As empirical evidence, the essay refers to a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which estimates that up to nine generations are required for children from the poorest families in Brazil to reach the national average income level. Theoretical contributions from authors such as Fraser, Sen, Rawls, and Dworkin are discussed, alongside concrete examples of complementary public policies in Brazil and internationally. The essay concludes that the institutionalization of complementarity is a fundamental condition for public policies to acquire transformative capacity and for the State to fully exercise its role as a promoter of equity and citizenship.